Handout From Katarina Eriksson

Plant Propagation by Leaf Cuttings:

Instructions for the Home Gardener

by Katarina Eriksson, Horticulturist.

Owner of Kat Eriksson’s Landscaping & High End Garden Maintenance

katsflowers@gmail.com

2017

Why use vegetative propagation? VP.

The new plants are clones – Genetically identical to parent plant, not sexual propagation with 2 parents, as in seeds.

VP. Preserves unusual and valuable plant traits that may not pass with seed.

VP. Used to reproduce plants that seldom flower or are sterile.

VP. Can be much faster than growing an equivalent plant by seed. Some like african violet will bloom faster than seedlings.

And it's fun!!!!

WHAT YOU NEED, Types of Media used for propagation:

(All equipment should be clean and sterile at all times, Use rubbing alcohol or mouthwash on the blades and hard surfaces).

Sterile soil, and a clean bucket or container to mix in.

Sterile pots, 3 to 4 inch is good.

Sharp knife or scissors/pruner or snips.

Rooting hormone or willow water (see last page) paper towel or clean rags.

Chopsticks.

Hair pins or thin wire.

Container to act like a mini greenhouse, like clear plastic shoe box. Can re-use clean plastic food containers with lids.

Watering can with soft nozzle, spray bottle, clear filtered or rain water.

Personal safety: Wear mask when mixing soils or handling chemicals that can irritate breathing. I use medical gloves when mixing soil. Safety glasses are recommended for contact wearers. I use a very sharp blade on my cutters and knifes, keep them sterilized and always point away from you. Use common sense and safety first!

CHOOSE FROM ONE OF THESE PROPAGATION SOIL MIXES.

• ½ clean sand with ½ good quality potting soil. NOT STERILE

OR

• ½ clean sand with ½ moistened peat moss, or coir. (Good for Begonias, African Violets and succulents)

OR

• ⅓ perlite and ⅓ vermiculite with ⅓ peat or coir. (This is my usual mix for most plants. it's completely sterile so less chance of fungal rot disease.)

OR

• ⅓ clean sand with ⅓ perlite and ⅓ or less vermiculite. (best for succulents, and plants that need very good drainage)
• (cactus and succulents can be in straight clean sand)

MIX IN A CLEAN BIN OR BUCKET ADD WATER VERY SLOWLY. (The propagation medium should be as sterile as you can make it and moistened before use. Many organic materials, like coir or peat moss, resists wetting at first. (Its aquaphobic). Warm water helps.

Be sure to apply warm water (Distilled or rain water is best) slowly while mixing to obtain uniform distribution. This may require 2-3 applications a little at a time. It is not uncommon for a medium to look wet on the surface but to be powdery dry in the middle. A well moistened media will make it easier to stick in the cuttings later on. But if it's too wet, it may rot your cuttings, it should be able to be squeezed in a ball and not be soggy.

Non chlorinated or rain water is best, and a watering can with a soft rain spout. MAKE SURE IT'S THOROUGHLY MIXED AND MOIST.

LEAF CUTTINGS, Vegetative reproduction

Use with African Violet, Mother-in-law tongue, piggy back plant, etc.

USE ONLY HEALTHY LEAVES, not too old or too young, if spotted, diseased or damaged, you may have less than average chance of success.

Few plants can be propagated from just a leaf or a section of a leaf. (Not all plants can be propagated this way, they usually just decay) Because leaf cuttings do not include an axillary bud, they can be used only for plants that are capable of forming adventitious buds.

Because leaf cuttings do not include an axillary bud (Axillary bud refers to structures that develop in an unusual place) they can be used only for plants that are capable of forming Adventitious buds.

Some leaves develop adventitious buds, which then form adventitious roots, as part of vegetative reproduction; e.g. Piggyback plant (Tolmiea menziesii) and mother-of-thousands (Kalanchoe daigremontiana). The adventitious plantlets then drop off the parent plant and develop as separate clones of the parent.

SOME EASY PLANTS THAT MAKE LEAF CUTTINGS

Leaf cuttings are used almost exclusively for propagating of some indoor plants and succulents, these are common easy plants to try, e.g. African Violet, Gloxinias, Begonia - rhizome types, Peperomia, Episcia, ZZ plant, and piggyback plant, which is a Calif native forest plant.

Some succulents are usually propagated by leaf cuttings. Genera typically propagated by leaf cuttings include but are not limited to: Gasteria spp. Christmas cactus, Haworthia, Hoya, Sansevieria, Kalanchoe, Sedum, Graptopetalum, etc.

There are several types of leaf cuttings:

Figure 1. LEAF CUTTING - LEAF-PETIOLE

LEAF CUTTING - LEAF-PETIOLE

1. The knife must be very clean, or you risk infecting the leaf. Remove a leaf and include up to 1 1/2 inches of the petiole (The stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem or crown base). Or carefully pull down and off mother plant. Allow to dry a little to develop a callus bud.
2. Leave the leaf some place protected from sun and kept warm, long enough for a film (callus) to form over the cut part. This can take as little a few days to as long as two weeks, depending on type of plant. This film will help keep the cut part from getting infected by the soil, or rotting.
3. Hold the leaf gently and dip the cut end of the petiole into a rooting hormone.
4. (Figure 1). Insert the petiole of the leaf into an appropriate medium at a 45 degree angle. Since new plants develop at the base of the leaf it is important that the leaf does not shade the new plants or touching anything moist that might cause mold or rot.
5. Keep leafy cuttings soil moist and humid at all times. Don't keep leaves below soil line. Remove fallen leaves and diseased cuttings or parts regularly.
6. Increase the humidity around the cuttings. For a single pot use a clear plastic bag propped up with chopsticks. When using a standard black seedling tray, a clear plastic humidity dome works well. Bottom heat of about 65-75 degrees F should be provided if possible. Keep in a protected area that is like a mini greenhouse or terrarium. I like a covered clear plastic storage bin/container, or you can also use clean recycled clear food containers, like salad boxes.
7. Keep moist by misting often in warm weather and lightly misted in cool weather. Never let dry out.
8. Once the new plants have formed, (Figure 1) in approximately 8 weeks, carefully separate (divide) each new plant from the parent. (Chopsticks or tweezers can be used) Avoid damaging the delicate roots. It is these new plantlets which form around the stem which are used to transplant. The old leaf can be discarded. Sometimes is a mass of clusters of plantlets, so divide carefully.
9. Transplant each new plant into a 2 ½ -4 inch pot, using a lightweight, pre-wetted, potting soil and water thoroughly.
10. I still keep them in a greenhouse like environment in a shady, bright area to help them get stronger, you can also use indoors under grow lights. And then pot up each stage to the size you want. Slowly add diluted fertilizer -I prefer organic houseplant food.

It's a slow process, but I hope you enjoy how new plants are made asexually, and hopefully appreciate their will to survive and the way plants create a way to clone themselves without sexual means.

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Figure 2. Take a healthy leaf. Cut the leaf into sections, each with a main vein.

LEAF CUTTING - LEAF WITHOUT A PETIOLE

This method is used for plants with thick, fleshy leaves.

• A monocot, (Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon seed-leaf, like a blade of grass) The Mother-in-law or Snake Plant (Sansevieria), and ZZ plant (zamioculcas zamiifolia) can be propagated by cutting the long leaves into 3- to 4-inch pieces. Insert the cuttings vertically into the medium. (Figure 2. see drawing)
• A dicot, (a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons as seedlings.) like a African violet, or Begonia it can also be propagated from the leaf blade itself.

Like the last instructions: take a leaf of Mother-in-law-tongue, (Sansevieria) cut a leaf from a plant and remove the petiole. Make sure you keep the tops at a slant and bottom straight. Let it callus, dip in rooting hormone, Insert the leaf vertically into the medium making sure that the midvein is buried in the rooting medium. You can cut many pieces from one leaf blade.

(Figure 2). New plant(s) will form from the midvein. Remember if cuttings are stuck upside down they will not root. Leaf cuttings can be literally crowded together, almost shoulder to shoulder. This crowding will not harm them, and once the root systems have been developed they can be separated for transplanting into individual pots.

Other plants: Some Cactus (particularly varieties producing "pads" like Bunnies Ears), Crassula (Jade Plant), Kalanchoe, Peperomia, Sedum and many other succulents. Some Aloes (Difficult, has too high moisture content),

Figure 3. Split leaf cuts and (2) new plantlets forming

LEAF CUTTING - Split-vein and leaf wedge

I usually use clean, plastic storage boxes like little greenhouses. Begonias especially like high humidity.

Note: Everything needs to be sterile.

1. SPLIT-VEIN, Detach a leaf from a Begonia - rhizome types (Begonia sp.) and remove the petiole. (stem) Make cuts on several prominent veins on the underside of the leaf (Figure 3). Lay the cutting, lower side down, on the medium. If the leaf curls up, hold it in place by covering the margins with rooting medium or staples (Hair bobby pins). New plants will form at each cut in about 6-8 weeks. (This method is more challenging.)
2. LEAF WEDGE, A variation of this method is to cut the leaf into wedges, You can get more plant Letts from one leaf. (Figure 3b) so that each piece has a main vein. The leaf wedge should be inserted into rooting hormone and then into the media with the main vein partially covered. (I prefer this method, it has a better chance of success.)

Figure 3b. Wedge cuts

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Figure 4. The stem portion produces roots, and a new shoot develops from the bud

LEAF CUTTING - LEAF-BUD CUTTINGS

Leaf-bud cuttings are used for many trailing vines and when cutting material is limited. Each node on a stem can be treated as a cutting. This type of cutting consists of a leaf blade, petiole, and a short piece of stem with an attached axillary bud. Place cuttings in the medium with the bud covered (1/2 to 1 inch) and the leaf exposed (Figure 4). Examples of plants that can be propagated in this manner include: Clematis, camellia, jade plant, rubber plant, grape ivy, dracaena, blackberry, mahonia, and heart-leaf philodendron, English Ivy, pothos, Pelargoniums-Geraniums. Plant material selected for leaf cuttings should be healthy, actively growing and free of insect or disease problems. Large, mature leaves provide the best source of propagation material. THIS IS A SLOWER WAY TO PROPAGATE, BUT YOU GET MORE OF THE SAME KIND OF VARIETY FROM 1 STEM.

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(Notes: Many plants will easily root in water. However, the roots that form can be extremely fibrous and stringy. Plants rooted in water often have a difficult time becoming established after they are transplanted into a container.)

CARE DURING AND AFTER ROOTING:

Moisture:

The propagation medium should be thoroughly moistened before use. (SEE PAGE 1)

KEEP SOIL SLIGHTLY MOIST, (like a squeezed out sponge) if too wet, plants will rot. Make sure you have holes in bottom of pot and good drainage.

Misting everyday in warm weather and watering with a soft nozzle till the plants are strong enough to hold up to regular watering.

After you've potted up to next size, you can give them a very low dose of liquid fertilizer, like sea kelp every 2 weeks.

When you get to the 4 inch size you can transplant into good potting soil.

Light:

Light is an important environmental factor in plant propagation. Generally speaking, low light levels cause plants to root slowly. However, too high light intensities can stress cuttings, causing them to burn or drop leaves. Diffused sunlight generally provides enough light for optimum rooting without causing injury to the cuttings. but still bright enough to read a book by.

Humidity:

Since cuttings do not have roots, they cannot replace the water lost through transpiration. Therefore it is important to maintain high humidity around the cuttings to cut down on the amount of moisture lost to the atmosphere.

These conditions can be provided by placing a clear piece of plastic over the propagation area. This causes condensation to form on the underside of the plastic that provides the necessary humidity. Adequate ventilation is also required to avoid disease problems. The plastic covering should be placed such that air can flow freely around the cuttings as they root. If the leaves are touching the sides of the container they may rot.

Temperature:

For best results, maintain day temperatures at 70 degrees F. During winter months, soil can be as much as 10-20 degrees less than air temperature, so provide bottom heat when possible. Ideal rootzone temperatures for most plants are approximately 70-75 degrees F. If the hot sun hits the container it may cook the delicate cuttings or young plants.

ON ROOTING HORMONES (Please follow safety directions on container)

Rooting hormones are often used to promote root formation. These materials provide supplemental auxin, a naturally occurring plant hormone that is responsible for root development. These products kill fungus and bacteria to prevent the stem from rotting, and contain a growth hormone to speed the formation of roots.

The end of the cutting is dipped into the chemical prior to sticking it into the propagation medium. These products come in different strengths and will vary according to the type of plant being propagated.

IMPORTANT: To use rooting hormone, place the amount needed in a separate container. Any material that remains after treating the cuttings should be discarded, not returned to the original container. These precautions will prevent contamination of the entire bottle of rooting hormone. Let the stem set for a minute.

Though some plants will root readily without treatment, application of rooting hormone to the base of the cutting will often improve your chance for success.

BUT there are always exceptions: Pelargoniums - Geraniums, some Roses and Succulents. do much better without root hormone.

Homemade organic rooting hormone

MAKE ROOTING HORMONE WITH WILLOW WATER!

The active ingredient of many commercial rooting products is Indolebutyric Acid (IBA), a natural plant hormone and and Salicylic acid (SA) (which is a chemical similar to Aspirin) is a plant hormone which is involved in signalling a plant’s defences. (Do not use Aspirin, it's too strong and contains too many other chemicals.)

When you make willow water, both salicylic acid and IBA leach into the water, and both have a beneficial effect when used for the propagation of cuttings. One of the biggest threats to newly propagated cuttings is infection by bacteria and fungi. Salicylic acid helps plants to fight off infection, and can thus give cuttings a better chance of survival. Plants, when attacked by infectious agents, often do not produce salicylic acid quickly enough to defend themselves, so providing the acid in water can be particularly beneficial.

1. Collect a handful of young first-year twigs and stems of any of willow (Salix spp.) species, these have green or yellow bark. Don’t use the older growth that has brown or gray bark. Remove all the leaves, these are not used.
2. Take the twigs and cut them up into short pieces around 1" (2.5cm) long.
3. The next step is to add the water. there are several techniques to extract the natural plant rooting hormones:

• Place the chopped willow twigs in a container and cover with boiling water, just like making tea, and allow the “tea” to stand overnight.
• Place the chopped willow twigs in a container and cover with tap water (unheated), and let it soak for several days.

4. When finished, separate the liquid from the twigs by carefully pouring out the liquid, or pouring it through a strainer or sieve. The liquid is now ready to use for rooting cuttings. You can keep the liquid for up to two months if you put it in a jar with a tight fitting lid and keep the liquid in the refrigerator. Remember to label the jar so you and other people know what it is, and write down the date you brewed it up, and to aid the memory, write down the date that it should be used by, which is two months from the date it was made! You can also freeze it for years of use.
5. To use, just pour some willow water into a small jar, and place the cuttings in there like flowers in a vase, and leave them there to soak for several hours so that they take up the plant rooting hormone. Then prepare them as you would when propagating any other cuttings.
6. Now remember since this method isn't very exact, the strength of the willow water can vary depending on the time of year, the number of twigs, the concentration of hormones in the twigs, and the amount of time that the twigs were soaked. You will, however, still get a solution that will help your plants root.

WARNING: Latest FAD on the internet: Cinnamon as rooting agent

I HAVE FOUND MANY UNPROVEN “FACTS” ON THE INTERNET, ONE IS:

• “Cinnamon as a rooting agent is as useful as willow water or hormone rooting powder. A single application to the stem when you plant the cutting will stimulate root growth in almost every plant variety.”. FALSE
• “Give your cuttings a quick start with the help of cinnamon powder. Pour a spoonful onto a paper towel and roll damp stem ends in the cinnamon. Plant the stems in fresh potting soil. The cinnamon will encourage the stem to produce more stems, while helping to prevent the fungus that causes damping-off disease. FALSE

Whether or not the antibacterial properties pertain specifically to real cinnamon or cassia (what's usually in the bottle when you buy cinnamon at most grocery stores) is up in the air. I also found these other claims, remember just because it's on the internet doesn't make it true.

“To promote root growth, create a rooting solution by dissolving an aspirin in water.” or “try mixing 1-3 Tbs of honey per gallon of water” FALSE!

I am trying these as an experiment, but I am VERY sceptical.

GOOD LUCK AND HAVE FUN MAKING NEW PLANTS FROM CUTTINGS, IT'S A GREAT WAY TO GET FREE PLANTS!

by Katarina Eriksson, Horticulturist.

katsflowers@gmail.com